Antimicrobial Stewardship

Ebola

HCV / Hepatitis

Blood-Borne Diseases

Climate Change

Coronavirus

Covid Vaccine Race

E. Coli

Food Safety

Listeria

Salmonella

Food Borne Infection / Food Safety

Fungal Infections

C. Difficile

H. Pylori

Norovirus

Gastrointestinal Infections

Healthcare Associated Infections (HAI)

Antibiotics

Immunizations

Vaccines

Prevention

Community-Acquired Pneumonia 

HAP / VAP

Influenza

Respiratory Infections

HIV / AIDS

PrEP

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

MRSA

Skin & Soft Tissue Diseases

Lyme Disease

ZIKA

Zoonotic & Vector-Borne Diseases

News

Media

Medical World News

Podcasts

Videos

Insights

Peer Exchange

News Network

Roundtables

Conference

Conference Coverage

Conference Listing

Publication

CME/CE

Partners

Resources

Interactive Tools

Special Projects

Contribute

Case Studies

Writers and Mentors

Subscribe

Contagion® is a fully integrated news resource for practitioners and specialists to assist with the identification, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases.

About Us

Advertise

Editorial

Contact Us

Do Not Sell My Information

Privacy

Terms & Conditions

Contagion Live | Infectious Disease News & Expert Insights

Facebook

LinkedIn

Spotlight

Bench to Bedside With SIDP

C. difficile 

Clinical Corner

Hepatitis

RSV: A New Era in Prevention

Clinical

COVID-19

Food-Borne Infections

Healthcare-Associated Infections

Respiratory Diseases

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Video Series

Peers and Perspectives

1rem

Authors

Professor of Infection Prevention and Control at Glasgow Caledonian University.

Professor Gordon Ramage, BSc, PhD, discusses the increasing impact of fungal biofilms, new treatment options, and the need for enhanced detection methods.

Fungal Biofilm-Related Diseases: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Emerging Challenges

Along with a 1 reported case in Massachusetts, the

New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has confirmed a person infected with eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) has died. The public health agency said the person was hospitalized due to severe central nervous system disease. The last reported human EEEV infection in New Hampshire was in 2014, when DHHS identified 3 human infections, including 2 fatalities. In the same statement, DHHS mentions there has been 1 confirmed case in Vermont this summer.

On August 16, the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) released a statement discussing the confirmation of the first human case of EEE in the state this year. The confirmed case was discovered in an 80 year old man who was exposed to the vector borne disease in Worcester County. As a result, the risk level in the local communities of Douglas, Oxford, Sutton, and Webster has been raised to critical, and in Dudley, Northbridge, and Uxbridge the risk is increased to high.

Additionally, the neighboring communities of Auburn, Charlton, Grafton, Leicester, Mendon, Millbury, Millville, Southbridge, and Upton are now considered at moderate risk according to MDPH.

“This is the first time we have seen a person infected with EEE in Massachusetts since 2020,” Public Health Commissioner Robbie Goldstein, MD, PhD, said in a statement. “EEE is a rare but serious disease and a public health concern. We want to remind residents of the need to protect themselves from mosquito bites, especially in areas of the state where we are seeing EEE activity.

Though very rare, EEE is serious and a potentially fatal disease that can affect people of all ages. EEE is generally spread to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. There were 12 human cases of EEE in Massachusetts in 2019 with 6 deaths, and 5 human cases with 1 death in 2020. There were no human cases of EEE in Massachusetts in 2021, 2022, or 2023.

EEE has a fatality rate of 33% to 70%, with most deaths occurring 2–10 days after the onset of symptoms.

In addition to a high mortality rate, long-term physical and mental complications, including permanent neurological deficits have been identified in many people who survive EEE.

Plymouth is approximately 40 miles south of Boston along the coast, and Worcester County is in the middle of the state, so the 2 areas are not in close proximity, but due to the elevated risk locally, the town of Plymouth decided to take action in response to outdoor parks. As of last Friday, all town public parks and fields are close daily from dusk until dawn.

“As Mass DPH has now elevated Plymouth’s EEE risk status to high, it is important to take extra precautions when outdoors and follow state and local health guidelines to avoid unnecessary risk to exposure to EEE. The health and safety of our community, residents, and visitors remain our priority,” Plymouth’s Commissioner of Health and Human Services, Michelle Bratti, said in a statement.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) most people who are infected with the virus do not develop symptoms; however, for those that do, the date from the bite to the onset of the illness is 4 to 10 days. EEE can also result in fever or neurologic disease. The type of illness will depend on the age of the person and other factors. Those who are infected can develop meningitis.

There are no FDA-approved treatments for EEE and for patients who develop severe cases, they can be hospitalized to receive supportive treatment.

Over the weekend, MDPH detailed plans of spraying for mosquitos including aerially in areas of Plymouth County, and truck-mounted spraying in parts of Worcester County. As of Saturday, 10 communities in Massachusetts were raised to high or critical risk for EEE virus.

“The risk from EEE is high in parts of Plymouth County and critical in parts of Worcester County,” State Epidemiologist Catherine M. Brown, DVM, said in a statement. “In addition to recommending that people use mosquito repellent with an EPA-registered active ingredient and clothing to reduce exposed skin, we also recommend that evening outdoor events be rescheduled to avoid the hours between dusk and dawn. The mosquitoes most likely to spread EEE are most active during the dusk to dawn hours.”

There are preventative strategies to avoid EEE, and the MDPH has listed such measures 

For those who live in Massachusetts and want more information on EEE, it can be found 

 or by calling the DPH Division of Epidemiology at 617-983-6800.

1.NH DHHS Identifies Person Infected with Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in New Hampshire.The New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services. August 27, 2024. Accessed August 28, 2024.
https://www.dhhs.nh.gov/news-and-media/nh-dhhs-identifies-person-infected-eastern-equine-encephalitis-virus-new-hampshire
2. State health officials announce season’s first human case of Eastern Equine Encephalitis in Massachusetts. MDPH. August 16, 2024. Accessed August 27, 2024.
https://www.mass.gov/news/state-health-officials-announce-seasons-first-human-case-of-eastern-equine-encephalitis-in-massachusetts
3.Plymouth to Close all Public Parks and Fields from Dusk to Dawn. Town of Plymouth. August 23, 2024. Accessed August 27, 2024. PDF.
4. Eastern Equine Encephalitis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment. CDC. May 15, 2024. Accessed August 27, 2024.
https://www.cdc.gov/eastern-equine-encephalitis/symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/index.html
5. State officials announce plans to spray for mosquitoes in sections of Worcester and Plymouth counties due to EEE. MDPH. August 24, 2024. Accessed August 27, 2024. 
https://www.mass.gov/news/state-officials-announce-plans-to-spray-for-mosquitoes-in-sections-of-worcester-and-plymouth-counties-due-to-eee



The town of Plymouth decided to prohibit people from using the parks from dusk to dawn due to concerns over eastern equine encephalitis after a man contracted the rare disease in the state.

Concerns Over Mosquito-Borne Illness Causes Massachusetts Town to Create Curfew for Parks, Spraying in Counties

 has revealed how genetic variations within 

, the pathogen responsible for cryptococcal meningitis, impact patient outcomes. Using a mouse model, the researchers focused on the sequence type 93 (ST93) clade, which includes two subpopulations: ST93A and ST93B. The findings highlight how genetic differences between these subpopulations influence virulence and immune system interactions.

The study reveals that there is linkage disequilibrium (LD) among single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in both subpopulations, with ST93B exhibiting stronger LD compared to ST93A. LD, a measure of how genes are inherited together, suggests that while some SNPs linked to virulence are found in long-range LD, others evolve independently, providing insight into how these mutations contribute to the pathogen's evolution and ability to cause disease.

In addition to genetic analysis, the team employed contour-clamped gel electrophoresis and long-read sequencing to examine the karyotypes of both subpopulations. Their findings show that the LD observed was not due to chromosomal rearrangements, further validating the role of SNPs in virulence.

, Kirsten Nielsen, PhD, professor of microbiology and immunology at Virginia Tech’s department of biomedical sciences and pathobiology, shared insights into the study and its implications. Nielsen and her team used a mouse model to investigate how genetic differences in 

 influence the severity of infection. Their research found that certain strains of 

 caused an overproduction of interferon gamma, a cytokine typically associated with beneficial immune responses. However, excessive production of interferon gamma worsened the disease outcome in the mouse model.

 is a fungal pathogen that causes disease, primarily in immunocompromised individuals,” Nielsen explained. “Although we can also see disease in immunocompetent individuals, our study focused on how genetic differences—specifically gene alleles—of 

The study built upon previous research using human clinical data, where variables such as patient genetics and disease severity made it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. By using a controlled mouse model, the researchers were able to pinpoint specific genes in the pathogen that influenced the immune response and disease progression.

Implications for Fungal Evolution and Treatment Strategies

The study has significant implications for understanding how 

 has evolved to infect different hosts, including humans. According to Nielsen, 

 is believed to have initially evolved to cause disease in single-celled organisms, using similar pathogenic mechanisms in humans. The study aims to differentiate between environmental strains of 

 that cause more lethal infections and those that do not lead to severe disease when infecting humans.

 is an organism that has evolved to cause disease,” Nielsen said. “We think it originally evolved to cause disease in single-celled organisms. However, it uses some of the same mechanisms in humans, though it’s primarily an environmental organism.”

The research also focuses on understanding the factors that differentiate strains of 

 acquired from the environment that cause more lethal disease and those that do not. "What we're trying to understand is how we can differentiate between strains that are acquired from the environment, which cause more lethal disease, and isolates that come from the environment but, when they infect humans, do not lead to significant disease,” Nielsen noted.

“We have treatments that can reduce the growth of 

 in the host, but these treatments are not fully effective,” she continued. “So, we're looking for ways to optimize the immune response, since the host immune system is generally very good at controlling 

The ultimate goal is to improve the human immune response to 

 infections. By identifying which components of the immune system are critical for controlling infection, and understanding how the pathogen manipulates the host immune system, researchers hope to develop targeted therapies that can better address the specific genetic variations of both the pathogen and the patient.

Moving Toward Better Diagnostics and Treatment Plans

In addition to exploring immune responses, the study also opens the door for improved diagnostics and personalized treatment strategies. “We’re working on diagnostics that target some of the genes we’ve identified,” Nielsen explained. “The goal is to develop diagnostic tools that can differentiate between strains that might be very hard to treat in patients and those that would likely respond to standard treatments.”

She added, “and the hope is that by better understanding the biology of how these genetic differences change how 

 interacts with the host, we will be able to develop additional treatment strategies targeting some of these processes we’ve identified, which are driven by the underlying genetics.”

Nielsen's research highlights the critical role of genetic studies in improving patient outcomes for fungal infections, especially cryptococcal meningitis, a major health challenge for immunocompromised individuals. The study also finds that while SNPs in LD shape the genetic structure of the ST93 subpopulations, virulence-related SNPs are more likely to arise as independent mutations rather than being inherited with the pathogen’s phylogeny.

Jackson, K.M., Kono, T.J.Y., Betancourt, J.J. 

 Single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with strain-specific virulence differences among clinical isolates of 

, 10491 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54729-6

Kirsten Nielsen, PhD, discusses how her team’s research could lead to better understanding and treatment of cryptococcal meningitis.


Study Links Genetic Variations in Cryptococcus neoformans to Disease Outcomes

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is preparing for staff cuts and withholding information, which can impact the ability of providers and other stakeholders ability to provide the nation with significant public health information.   

Ways the Federal Government Changes May Influence Avian Influenza Surveillance and Disease Prevention 

With the avian influenza circulating greatly in animals including birds, cattle, and cats, one of the bigger concerns around this is how severe and virulent the virus could become—if given the right settings and circumstances—and this goes from a mostly animal-to-animal transmission to zoonotic transmission to finally one that jumps from person-to person.

"We've had one transmission from a bird to a human, which resulted in the individual's death. Bird flu can carry a 50% to 60% mortality in the right settings, and so we're concerned that it may evolve to become more infectious,” American Public Health Association's (APHA) Executive Director Georges C Benjamin, MD, said. "It's already shown they can move from one species to another, and then eventually it could change in a way that becomes adaptive to humans, easily spread by humans, and if it also becomes easily spreadable and more lethal, we would have a significant outbreak. And I can tell you it would probably be worse than COVID."

And as this form of influenza is evolving quickly, there is a need to keep up surveillance, especially at the federal government level. This is where the role of the CDC is vital to keep the public up-to-date on disease threats and respond to reports of individual cases or outbreaks.

News reports are offering 2 ways in which the CDC could become greatly affected under the Trump Administration.

 reported that the CDC is preparing for layoffs. The federal agency’s staff were told to list the staff who were considered probationary and temporary.

In addition, the agency’s leadership was asked to develop a list of people who “were mission critical and not mission critical.”

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR),

 investigators wrote how avian influenza was transmitted from cats to people and then that report was deleted off the site.

 This weekly report was not published for 2 weeks, and now when it is, the administration is withholding necessary public information.

Will Trump Administration’s Funding Pauses, Withdrawal from WHO Hamper Public Health?

“If you look at all the things they've done: diminishing the workforce, halting research, stopping the study groups, limiting publication of the various scientific articles, including the 

…I worry about it, and the fact that everything that they've done will diminish our capacity to respond to any emergency, any new health threat,” Benjamin said.

In terms of our readiness, Benjamin does not believe we are prepared for a public health emergency. “If we had a big outbreak today, I don't know that we'd be able to handle it,” he said. 

References
1. Huang P, Stone W. Morale plummets at the CDC as staff fear job losses. February 7, 2025. Accessed February 10, 2025.
https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2025/02/07/nx-s1-5290273/cdc-employee-lists-doge
2. Mandavilli A, Anthes E. CDC. Posts, Then Deletes, Data on Bird Flu Spread Between Cats and People. NY Times. February 6, 2025. Accessed February 10, 2025.


https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/06/health/cdc-bird-flu-cats-people.html

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is preparing for staff cuts and the Trump Administration may be withholding public health information in one of the agency's publications, which can impact disclosing health information being seen by providers and other stakeholders.

Federal Government Changes May Influence Avian Influenza Surveillance and Disease Prevention 

Carol Mitnick, ScD highlights the importance of trust in the success of the endTB trial and addresses the ongoing toxicity concerns with new shorter treatment regimens.

Five All-Oral Regimens in the endTB Trial for Rifampin-Resistant Tuberculosis

A phase 3 trial has shown that certain 9-month all-oral regimens are as effective as the standard 18-24 month treatment for fluoroquinolone-susceptible, rifampin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB). The trial's primary endpoint was a favorable outcome at week 73, defined by negative sputum cultures or improvements in bacteriological, clinical, and radiological measures.

The study found that four of the five new regimens performed similarly to the standard treatment, with over 80% of standard therapy patients achieving favorable outcomes. Regimens combining bedaquiline, clofazimine, levofloxacin, and pyrazinamide (BCLLfxZ) and bedaquiline, delamanid, linezolid, moxifloxacin, and pyrazinamide (BDLLfxZ) were noninferior to the standard therapy, with differences in favorable outcomes ranging from 2.5% to 9.8%.

The multinational trial included 754 participants, with 699 in the modified intention-to-treat analysis and 562 in the per-protocol analysis. The regimens tested included bedaquiline, delamanid, linezolid, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, clofazimine, and pyrazinamide. The study also found that the incidence of grade 3 or higher adverse events, including hepatotoxicity, was similar across all regimens, with hepatotoxic events reported in 11.7% of participants overall and 7.1% in the standard therapy group.

In our interview with Carole Mitnick, ScD, a professor at Harvard Medical School and senior research associate at Partners in Health, she discussed the role that trust played in the 

 trial's success. "TB trials are long, long efforts that require, in particular for drug-resistant TB, that require participation of volunteers for close to two years," Mitnick said. "And the endTB trial was really only possible because of the foundation of trust that had been cultivated over decades among investigators, the collaborating institutions of Partners in Health, Doctors Without Borders, Interactive Research Development, and Harvard Medical School with communities from which volunteers come."

Mitnick emphasized that this trust is currently under threat, noting, "I just have to mention that that trust is currently being destroyed by the destruction of USAID and the abrupt halt to scores of clinical trials and the care they afford to people who generously volunteer to participate in trials for the greater good. So that's really foundational to anything, to the efficacy results, to the safety results, is this trust, this foundation of trust."

Mitnick explained that some issues remain with the new regimens. "The endTB clinical trial examined five all-oral alternatives to the current standard of care. And those regimens were considerably shorter, so nine months versus a standard of care that's 18 to 24 months, and they improved the toxicity profile of some of the adverse events that occur with those longer regimens," she said.

She continued, "Historically, those regimens used injectable agents from the drug class known as aminoglycosides and polypeptides which caused kidney problems, which caused deafness, and so those are completely out of the picture. Now, with these endTB regimens, some other issues are overlapping between the endTB regimens that were found to be non-inferior to the standard of care and the standard of care, those include hepatotoxicity. Many of the drugs used in TB treatment are metabolized by the liver, and therefore can cause liver damage. Same holds true for peripheral neuropathy, so numbness and tingling in fingers and toes, which is an issue with linezolid, and that's true in both the standard of care and in the endTB regimens."

Despite the promising results, Mitnick emphasized that the newer regimens still come with significant toxicity concerns. "So the three regimens that are non-inferior to the standard of care all do come with some toxicity," she said. "This is an area where we need much, much improvement in the treatment of drug-resistant and even in drug-susceptible TB."

Mitnick identified liver toxicity as a primary concern. "I think the primary concern that people see with toxicity at newer regimens even is liver toxicity, which exists with the existing regimen as well," she explained. "And also effects that are linked to the drug linezolid, meaning peripheral neuropathy, the numbness and tingling and pain, I should say, in extremities, as well as serious kind of dysregulations of blood, of the production of red blood cells."

Stay tuned for Part 2 of our interview with Mitnick where we discuss the main implications, takeaways from the study, and more.

Guglielmetti L, Khan U, Velásquez GE, et al. Oral regimens for rifampin-resistant, fluoroquinolone-susceptible tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(5):468-482. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2400327

Carole Mitnick, ScD highlights the importance of trust in the success of the endTB trial and addresses the ongoing toxicity concerns with new shorter treatment regimens.

Five All-Oral Regimens Show Efficacy in the  Phase 3 endTB Trial for Rifampin-Resistant TB

The association’s Executive Director Georges Benjamin, MD, offers some reasons as to why they have concerns around him as Health and Human Services Secretary. 

American Public Health Association’s Opposition to RFK Jr’s Nomination

This is the third in a series around the intersection of government and public health and how the former can affect the latter.

Back on November 18, and shortly after the presidential election, the American Public Health Association (APHA) released a statement opposing the nomination of Robert F. Kennedy Jr for Health and Human Services Secretary. Within this statement, the association wrote: “To effectively lead our nation’s top health agency, a candidate should have the proper training, management skills, temperament and the trust of the public. Unfortunately, Mr. Kennedy fails on all fronts.”

And, on January 23, APHA’s Executive Director Georges C. Benjamin, MD sent along a letter to the Senate’s chair and ranking members of the Senate Committee on Finance, and the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions again expressing his and the APHA’s concerns around his nomination.

“The plethora of health challenges currently facing the nation include the H5 bird flu outbreak, the epidemic of preventable maternal deaths, rising health care costs, drug shortages and rural hospital closures, just to name a few. We also have emerging and reemerging health threats on the horizon like growing numbers of people with dementia and increasing cases of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases like measles and pertussis. Addressing these and other challenges will require someone with the knowledge and experience to lead the agency who can hit the ground running. Mr. Kennedy has neither the training nor management experience nor judgment for such an important and complex position,” Benjamin wrote.2

HHS: A Significant Department in Size and Scope

HHS has a large footprint within government that has importance influence from the federal level down to the local levels as well as the private sector.

“The US Department of Health and Human Services is really a mega agency. It's about $1.7 trillion of our taxpayer dollars. It has over 80,000 employees, 13 operating divisions, and several offices that support those of targeted activities, numerous contracts with a range of private sector entities,” said Benjamin. “And of course, it works collaboratively with all the other agencies of government, and at the federal, state, and local level, and tribes as well. It houses the largest research enterprise in the world, the National Institute of Health. It houses the Food and Drug Administration, which, by the way, regulates almost 20% of our economy of all the things that have anything to do with health, food, drugs or materials.”

In addition, HHS oversees the Affordable Care Act (Obama Care) and manages the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).

“It actually influences 100% of us, because when CMS decides something ought to be covered, or that something is appropriate on the healthcare priority list for policy, almost all the insurers follow,” Benjamin said. “So it is a driver of policy nationally for every single one of us. The impact that an HHS Secretary can have is quite substantial to all Americans.”

In terms of other specific concerns Benjamin and APHA have around RFK Jr’s candidacy it is both his lack of a medical background and limited management experience.

“This is a big, big management job. And this is not a job for an intern—someone to learn on the job. And Mr Kennedy has not had the kind of experience that is necessary. He's never run anything this complex,” Benjamin said.

One of the biggest criticisms against RFK Jr’s nomination is his long-time antivaccine stance through his organization, Children's Health Defense. He joined the organization in 2015 when it was the World Mercury Project. Its name was changed 3 years later.

The organization has falsely stated that vaccines cause autism. Additionally, the Children's Health Defense has been involved in lawsuits to do away with vaccine requirements, and tried to get the FDA’s emergency use authorization of COVID-19 vaccines for children revoked.

The Modern-Day Foundation of How Medical Disinformation Began



There has been a question around his time in Samoa where he espoused antivaccine views and several people on the island contracted measles. Back in 2019, he was invited to come to the island through someone who was an antivaxxer. Later on that year, 83 people died from the measles in a total population of 200,000. 

As HHS Secretary, he could have a major influence on the childhood vaccine schedule, which has already been declining for a few years in the US. These vaccines guard against a number of diseases including measles and polio. Although the latter disease has not been an issue yet, measles, which is one of the most highly contagious respiratory diseases, have seen outbreaks among unvaccinated adults and children in recent years in many states.





In its aforementioned statement, APHA wrote: “Kennedy’s past statements and views on vaccines alone should disqualify him from consideration. He has stated that “there’s no vaccine that is safe and effective” and touted misinformation claiming that vaccines cause autism. A serious candidate for this position would follow the decades of real-world evidence that shows that vaccines are safe and prevent as many as 5 million deaths each year.”

“We call him the 12 people in the country who've been most involved in disinformation—not just misinformation, where people are making mistakes and passing along bad information and they're not aware it is bad information—but his group has been purposely involved in sharing bad information...So we don't think he's the right guy for the job,” Benjamin said.

Two Senate committees voted to send his nomination to the floor of the Senate. The upcoming Senate floor vote is going to happen soon. It remains to be seen what that vote will yield, and if confirmed, how he will act as secretary.

According to the APHA’s website, the association, “speak(s) out for public health issues and policies backed by science. We are the only organization that combines a 150-year perspective, a broad-based member community and the ability to influence federal policy to improve the public's health. Our Mission Build public health capacity and promote effective policy and practice.”

References
1. America deserves better than RFK Jr. APHA statement. November 18, 2024. Accessed February 7, 2025.


https://www.apha.org/news-and-media/news-releases/apha-news-releases/2024/rfk-jr-hhs-nomination


2. APHA letter opposing the nomination of RFK Jr. to lead HHS. APHA. January 23, 2025. Accessed February 7, 2025.
3. Bond S. Inside RFK Jr.'s nonprofit's legal battles over vaccines and public health. NPR. December 4, 2024. Accessed February 7, 2025.


https://www.npr.org/2024/12/03/nx-s1-5198506/rfk-jr-anti-vaccine-chd-lawsuits


4. Graham-McClay C. RFK Jr. misled the US Senate on measles deaths, Samoa’s health chief says. AP. February 3, 2025. Accessed February 7, 2025.



The association’s Executive Director Georges Benjamin, MD, offers some commentary as to why they have concerns around him as Health and Human Services Secretary. 

Gordon Ramage, BSc, PhD

Articles

Latest Updated Articles